At first blush, the question behind A Dog’s World could have been lifted straight from the pages of What If? Serious Scientific Answers to Absurd Hypothetical Questions by xkcd creator Randall Munroe. What would happen to our dogs if we disappeared overnight? Far from being mere whimsy or idle academic speculation, A Dog’s World is a serious attempt to scientifically answer this thought experiment. There is also a strong ethical component to it as the authors apply their ideas to the here and now: how can we create better lives for dogs today?

A Dog’s World: Imagining the Lives of Dogs in a World without Humans, written by Jessica Pierce and Marc Bekoff, published by Princeton University Press in October 2021 (hardback, 227 pages)

My second thought when learning of this book was that it sounded an awful lot like the thought experiment journalist Alan Weisman did in his 2007 book The World Without Us. Here, he asked what would happen to Earth and our material legacy if we suddenly vanished. Indeed, the authors open A Dog’s World by acknowledging that book, though it did not say much about dogs. A more serious initial attempt was done in a 2018 Time magazine article by Markham Heid titled How Dogs Would Fare Without Us, but this book is a far more thorough foray into speculative biology.

The authors are particularly well suited to write this book. Marc Bekoff is a professor emeritus in ecology and evolutionary biology who has studied animal behaviour and has written about dogs most recently in Canine Confidential, with Dogs Demystified to be published in the near future. Jessica Pierce is a bioethicist who lately has focused on the welfare of companion animals, writing amongst others Run, Spot, Run, with Who’s a Good Dog? due later this year. Additionally, Bekoff and Pierce have co-authored Wild Justice (2009), The Animals’ Agenda (2017), and Unleashing Your Dog (2019), all of which are relevant to this book. Bring together two such experts and it is no wonder A Dog’s World overflows with thought-provoking insights.

“the first bombshell the authors drop is to disarm the standard response they encountered to this thought experiment. Surely, if we disappeared, dogs would just go back to being wolves?”

Indeed, the first bombshell the authors drop is to disarm the standard response they encountered to this thought experiment. Surely, if we disappeared, dogs would just go back to being wolves? Not so, they say: “The disappearance of humans would not result in a kind of reverse engineering, where the domestication process rewinds and dogs de-evolve back to who they were before” (p. 9). They reiterate this in their conclusion: “evolution doesn’t work backward. It unfolds into the future and there is no going back” (p. 162). Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra made the same argument—that feralization is not just domestication in reverse—in his excellent The Process of Animal Domestication. One important reason for this is that dogs would inhabit a changed world compared to their wolf ancestors. This strikes me as a very important point that applies more broadly to discussions around rewilding and de-extinction, especially in what these can hope to achieve and what is and is not feasible.

So, if not wolves, what will dogs become then? This question, “who dogs will become on their own” (p. 8), interests the authors most and is at the heart of this book. Relevant, at least in the early stages, are existing studies on free-ranging and feral dogs. The authors mention in particular work by Stephen Spotte, author of Societies of Wolves and Free-Ranging Dogs. I was surprised, though, to find no mention of Raymond and Lorna Coppinger’s book What Is a Dog?, which also took an in-depth look at this topic. Although we lack accurate counts, an estimated 80% of the possibly 1 billion dogs on our planet fend for themselves, rather than being well-groomed pooches. If that sounds like a lot, that is because it is, and they are a serious concern in wildlife conservation.

The core of A Dog’s World is the four chapters where the authors discuss scientific studies on dogs and related canids. These provide informed speculation as to how our absence would impact the physical appearance, social behaviour, and inner lives of dogs, and how it would impact the two variables in a dog’s life we control most strictly: food and sex. This offers a plethora of interesting ideas of which I shall only mention a few notable ones.

“Looking at this thought experiment through an ethical lens, what lessons can we draw from it and apply to create better lives for dogs today?”

One recurrent theme is that there will be no single mythical Future Dog. As dogs come to grips with ecological challenges that differ from place to place, variation in appearance and behaviour will be key to success. Context is everything. That said, our breeding practices have produced certain maladaptive traits that will be quickly selected against. Examples include breeds with shortened snouts (brachycephaly) suffering from breathing problems or very large breeds that are prone to hip dysplasia. Without human interference in reproduction, breeds as we know them (most of which are a surprisingly recent creation) will rapidly disappear. Expect blending of existing breeds and hybridization with wolves and other canids. Will dogs form packs? Likely yes, though not all dogs and not everywhere. Here, too, variation in cognitive traits such as problem-solving, learning, and intelligence, as well as in individual personality will be conducive to the formation of successful packs. Some traits are more evolutionarily conserved and there seems little scope for change. Examples include animal emotions or reproductive traits such as gestation length, litter size, or offspring sex ratio. One of the biggest impacts regards food: not just pets being fed, but what the authors more widely term “food subsidies”, including the vast amounts of human garbage on which many free-ranging dogs live.

This is but a sampling of the many ideas discussed in this book. The overall conclusion is that dogs would keenly feel our absence and the initial transition would be tough with many individuals perishing. In the long run, however, dogs would survive and likely even thrive. So far, so speculative, but what makes this book relevant are the last three chapters. Looking at this thought experiment through an ethical lens, what lessons can we draw from it and apply to create better lives for dogs today? Could you prepare your dog for doomsday? Answers range from amusing to, as the authors underline, objectionable. And—a sobering question—would dogs be better off without us? Humans are the main cause of death of dogs through e.g. exploitation or (road) accidents. “The various inflictions of cruelty by humans are not rare, isolated instances of misuse” (p. 150) and we insufficiently acknowledge the suffering of homed dogs living, essentially, boring lives in which they cannot express species-typical behaviours. Symptomatic, the authors think, is the number of owners in the USA reporting as problematic what are actually normal dog behaviours. “Dogs are not allowed to be themselves and are often punished just for being dogs […] Without humans, dogs would be freed from the constraints of being square pegs forced into round holes” (p. 150). All that said, they add that “a posthuman world won’t be like one great big dog park” (p. 151), but it would not be nearly as bad as you think.

In conclusion, A Dog’s World makes a serious and interesting exercise out of this intriguing thought experiment and is highly relevant to anyone who owns or has been around dogs. One question occurred to me while reading it, and Bekoff and Pierce hint at it in closing when writing that “coevolution, by definition, goes both ways” (p. 163). Indeed, what would happen to humans if dogs disappeared overnight? Though we have domesticated many species, our bond with dogs is particularly strong and that alone should give us pause when it comes to our treatment of them.

Disclosure: The publisher provided a review copy of this book. The opinion expressed here is my own, however.

A Dog’s World

Other recommended books mentioned in this review:

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“After Man: A Zoology of the Future“, written by Dougal Dixon, published as a facsimile reprint of the 1981 edition by Breakdown Press in May 2018 (hardback, 128 pages)

So, what is speculative zoology? It is the biological equivalent of the fiction genre of alternate history – the books and movies that ask, for example, “What if Germany had won World War II?” and take it from there. It may seem a bit whimsical, but some biologists have not been afraid to entertain themselves wondering what life might look like in the future. Dixon, a geologist who over the decades has contributed to many children’s book and children’s encyclopaedias, has been particularly influential on this genre with his book After Man.

The concept of the book is simple. What if humans went extinct and we were to travel 50 million years into the future? What would life look like then? Dixon has meticulously constructed a future version of our world, where the continents have kept on drifting (the Mediterranean Sea has closed up, Australia has collided with Asia, and South America has once again become disconnected from North America) and life has kept on evolving. A lot of the dominant fauna of our time, already under threat when this book was written in 1981, has gone extinct and Dixon imagines a world where rats and rabbits, amongst others, have exploded in diversity and taken over large swathes of the world.

“With the disappearance of the whales, some penguin species evolved into filter-feeding giants such as the vortex. And just wait until you see the bizarre bat fauna of the islands of Batavia”

Fifty million years is obviously a long time, so we do not merely have rabbits and rats. Taking the reader through the seven major biomes of future Earth, Dixon introduces us to the rabbits that evolved to take over the gap left when the ungulates largely disappeared, evolving into large grazing animals such as the rabbuck, while rats evolved into wolf-like animals such as the falanx that have become the dominant predator. There is the unlikely insectivorous pfrit, descended from a primitive shrew, that can walk on water. On the tundra, giants such as the carnivorous bardelot that descended from cats have taken over the niche of the polar bear, and prey on the woolly gigantelope, a distant relative of the antelope that resembles today’s musk oxen. With the disappearance of the whales, some penguin species evolved into filter-feeding giants such as the vortex. And just wait until you see the bizarre bat fauna of the islands of Batavia, a string of volcanic islands that formed in the Pacific, comparable to the Galápagos.

All of this would be near incomprehensible if it wasn’t for the numerous illustrations. Based on Dixon’s sketches, six artists drew a large number of beautiful, artful illustrations, and each of the 31 double spreads contains a plate, with text on the facing page describing the most important members of a certain functional group in one of the seven biomes (herbivorous mammals, birds and mammals of the treetops, desert fauna etc.). Numerous smaller drawings on either side of the text highlight some of the creatures, but also some of their unique behaviours and morphological adaptations, as well as the intermediate stages in their evolution. As much as this book is intended to entertain, it also teaches the reader about important concepts in evolution such as convergent evolution, ring species, and adaptive radiation, to name a few.

A facsimile reproduction of a 37-year old book raises two questions: How has the book aged? And, given this likely will have been reproduced from an original paper copy, what is the quality of the reproduction?

The first question might seem a bit superfluous, given that this is a work of fiction. Even so, Dixon was clearly dead serious with this book, and the first 33 pages are dedicated to a crash course on the basic concepts of evolution, genetics, natural selection, the origins of life, and various other relevant topics. For this reissue, Dixon has added some additional information to some of these sections, recognisable (but only just) because it is printed in a slightly different font. He made far fewer additions than I expected, but I imagine the only other option would have been a complete rewrite of this section to today’s level of knowledge. The 2018 introduction does a decent job of recognising how our thinking has changed though. The illustrations exude a nostalgia and quality from a bygone era, but their artistic merit stands to this day.

As for the quality, unfortunately I did not have access to an original copy when I wrote this review to compare it to, but my feeling is that the greyscale illustrations in the introduction and at the end of the book have not come out so well. Some seem too dark, and a few labels on the tree of life in the appendix cannot be read. The colour illustrations, which are obviously what we all came for, are reproduced superbly though, and it seems a high level of detail has been conserved with the many handwritten figure legends still readable. Breakdown Press has bound the book in a sturdy casewrap hardcover (i.e. a printed hardback cover without a dust jacket).

Dixon revisited the idea of speculative zoology several times after this book, for example in his 1988 book The New Dinosaurs: An Alternative Evolution (what if the dinosaurs hadn’t gone extinct?) and his 1990 book Man After Man: An Anthropology of the Future. And he influenced a generation of others, such as Darren Naish, who co-authored All Yesterdays: Unique and Speculative Views of Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Animals. Naish also wrote up a great interview with Dixon over at his blog Tetrapod Zoology.

Breakdown Press is to be congratulated on reissuing this legendary book, and I thoroughly recommend you snap up a copy as long as it is available. Dixon’s later books are out of print by now and fetch high prices on the second-hand market, and so it might be again with After Man if you wait too long. I would be delighted if the publisher decided to reissue some of those books as well in the wake of this one, and will be first in line if The New Dinosaurs would become available again.

Disclosure: The publisher provided a review copy of this book. The opinion expressed here is my own, however.

After Man hardback

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